There are a number of countries around the world that have made the decision to forgo having a traditional military—no army, navy, or air force—opting instead for peace, diplomacy, and strategic partnerships with other nations for their defense. This choice often allows them to reallocate resources towards social development, healthcare, and infrastructure, providing a unique example of how national security can be maintained without a standing military.
Costa Rica
In the wake of a civil war in 1948, Costa Rica made the bold decision to abolish its military. The government redirected the funds that would have been used for defense into education and healthcare. By relying on the United States and other allies for military protection, Costa Rica has managed to establish itself as one of the most peaceful nations in the world, focusing on social progress and environmental stewardship.
Iceland
Iceland is another country that operates without a standing military, relying on NATO for defense. Since gaining independence in 1944, Iceland has prioritized peaceful diplomacy, social welfare, and environmental protection over maintaining a traditional military force. While the country does not have an army, its civilian Icelandic Coast Guard handles national security concerns, search and rescue missions, and maritime patrols.
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein took a major step in 1868 by abolishing its military, primarily due to the financial burden and the relative security offered by its neighbors, Switzerland and Austria. The country maintains a neutral position in global conflicts and depends on Switzerland for defense if needed. Liechtenstein focuses on maintaining its small police force for internal security and relies on its strong relationships with neighboring countries.
Monaco
Monaco, a small but wealthy nation known for luxury tourism and finance, does not have a military of its own. Instead, the country is protected by France under the 1918 Franco-Monégasque Treaty. Monaco’s peaceful, low-crime environment allows it to focus on economic growth and stability, while a small police force ensures internal security and protects the royal family.
Panama
After abolishing its standing army in 1990, Panama shifted its focus to internal security and border protection through the Panama Public Forces, which includes police, maritime, and air services. Despite having no army, Panama is protected under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties with the United States, ensuring external defense if necessary.
Vatican City
Vatican City, the smallest country in the world, maintains its security with a unique arrangement. Protected by Italy under the 1929 Lateran Treaty, Vatican City does not have a traditional military. The Swiss Guard, a ceremonial unit established in 1506, is responsible for protecting the Pope and ensuring the security of the Apostolic Palace.
Kiribati
Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, has no standing military and instead relies on mutual defense agreements with nearby countries, particularly Australia and New Zealand, for protection if necessary. Despite its lack of an army, Kiribati actively participates in global discussions on climate change and environmental issues.
Samoa
Samoa is another example of a nation that thrives without a military presence. After gaining independence in 1962, Samoa signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand, which offers protection if the need arises. Samoa dedicates its resources to domestic development, focusing on education, healthcare, and infrastructure, and recently made headlines for its success in the 2026 World Cup qualifiers.
Mauritius
Since gaining independence from Britain in 1968, Mauritius has not maintained a standing army. Instead, the country has a paramilitary force called the Special Mobile Force (SMF) and a National Police force for both internal and external security. Mauritius focuses on creating a strong parliamentary democracy and building a prosperous economy, without the need for a traditional military.
Palau
Palau, a Pacific island nation that gained independence in 1994, has chosen to remain without a military. The country relies on the United States through the Compact of Free Association, which guarantees American protection in the event of a threat. Palau uses its resources to focus on domestic needs and development, while maintaining a peaceful stance in international affairs.
These countries have proven that a strong focus on peace, diplomacy, and strategic alliances can lead to national security without the need for large, standing military forces. Instead, they redirect resources into social programs and international cooperation, building a model for peaceful coexistence in a complex world.
